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dc.contributor.authorMcCaul, Margaret
dc.contributor.authorBarland, Jack
dc.contributor.authorCleary, John
dc.contributor.authorCahalane, Conor
dc.contributor.authorMcCarthy, Tim
dc.contributor.authorDiamond, Dermot
dc.date.accessioned2018-08-09T08:17:32Z
dc.date.available2018-08-09T08:17:32Z
dc.date.copyright2016-08-31
dc.date.issued2016
dc.identifier.citationMcCaul, M., Barland, J., Cleary, J., Cahalane, C., McCarthy, T., & Diamond, D. (2016). Combining remote temperature sensing with in-situ sensing to track marine/freshwater mixing dynamics. Sensors, 16(9). doi:10.3390/s16091402en_US
dc.identifier.issn1424-8220
dc.identifier.urihttps://research.thea.ie/handle/20.500.12065/2322
dc.description.abstractThe ability to track the dynamics of processes in natural water bodies on a global scale, and at a resolution that enables highly localised behaviour to be visualized, is an ideal scenario for understanding how local events can influence the global environment. While advances in in-situ chem/bio-sensing continue to be reported, costs and reliability issues still inhibit the implementation of large-scale deployments. In contrast, physical parameters like surface temperature can be tracked on a global scale using satellite remote sensing, and locally at high resolution via flyovers and drones using multi-spectral imaging. In this study, we show how a much more complete picture of submarine and intertidal groundwater discharge patterns in Kinvara Bay, Galway can be achieved using a fusion of data collected from the Earth Observation satellite (Landsat 8), small aircraft and in-situ sensors. Over the course of the four-day field campaign, over 65,000 in-situ temperatures, salinity and nutrient measurements were collected in parallel with high-resolution thermal imaging from aircraft flyovers. The processed in-situ data show highly correlated patterns between temperature and salinity at the southern end of the bay where freshwater springs can be identified at low tide. Salinity values range from 1 to 2 ppt at the southern end of the bay to 30 ppt at the mouth of the bay, indicating the presence of a freshwater wedge. The data clearly show that temperature differences can be used to track the dynamics of freshwater and seawater mixing in the inner bay region. This outcome suggests that combining the tremendous spatial density and wide geographical reach of remote temperature sensing (using drones, flyovers and satellites) with ground-truthing via appropriately located in-situ sensors (temperature, salinity, chemical, and biological) can produce a much more complete and accurate picture of the water dynamics than each modality used in isolation.en_US
dc.formatPDFen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.relation.ispartofSensorsen_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Ireland*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ie/*
dc.subjectin-situ sensingen_US
dc.subjectsea-surface temperatureen_US
dc.subjectremote sensingen_US
dc.subjectgroundwateren_US
dc.subjectsalinityen_US
dc.subjectnutrientsen_US
dc.subjectsensor networksen_US
dc.titleCombining remote temperature sensing with in-situ sensing to track marine/freshwater mixing dynamics.en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.description.peerreviewyesen_US
dc.identifier.urlhttps://doi.org/10.3390/s16091402en_US
dc.rights.accessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subject.departmentenviroCORE - IT Carlowen_US


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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Ireland
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Ireland